Criminal Law: This would cover topics related to crimes, arrests, court procedures, sentencing, and criminal defense.
the United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power (1985) defines victims as: “Persons who, individually or collectively, have suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights, through acts or omissions that are in violation of criminal […]
Approaches to Victimology differ significantly in their focus, methodology, and underlying assumptions about the causes and consequences of becoming a victim: Here are the key approaches and theories associated with positivist victimology: Core Characteristics of Positivist Victimology Key Approaches/Theories within Positivist Victimology Criticisms of Positivist Victimology Despite its contributions to understanding victimization patterns, positivist victimology
1. Definition of Penology Penology, at its core, is the systematic study of the punishment of crime and the systems designed to manage and treat those who have committed crimes. It seeks to understand both the “why” and the “how” of societal responses to criminal behavior, particularly through formal state-sanctioned means. Scholarly and Expanded Definitions:
Penology: Definition, Nature, Scope and Importance. Read More »
1. Retributive Theory 2. Deterrent Theory 3. Rehabilitative Theory (or Reformative Theory) 4. Incapacitation Theory (or Preventive Theory) 5. Restorative Justice 6. Expiatory Theory (or Compensatory Theory) Interplay and Modern Application: A Blended Approach It’s crucial to understand that modern criminal justice systems rarely operate on a single theory of punishment. Instead, sentencing philosophies and
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I. Introduction to Bundled Supplies under GST A. Context: The Need for Specific Rules The Goods and Services Tax (GST) regime in India fundamentally shifted the landscape of indirect taxation, establishing ‘supply’ as the taxable event.1 Under the Central Goods and Services Tax (CGST) Act, 2017, GST is levied on every supply of goods or
Tax Liability on Composite and Mixed Supplies under Section 8 of the CGST Act, 2017 Read More »
The Goods and Services Tax (GST) regime, implemented in India in 2017, introduced a paradigm shift in indirect taxation, aiming for a unified national market and streamlined compliance. Central to this regime is the mechanism of return filing, governed primarily by Sections 37 through 47 of the Central Goods and Services Tax (CGST) Act, 2017.
Return Filing Procedures under Sections 37-47 of the CGST Act, 2017 Read More »
I. Introduction to GST Registration under CGST Act, 2017 A. Overview of Registration Importance Registration under the Goods and Services Tax (GST) regime serves as the fundamental gateway for businesses integrating into India’s formal indirect tax system. It is a prerequisite for legally collecting GST from customers on outward supplies and, crucially, for claiming Input
Registration: Sections 22 to 30 of the CGST Act, 2017 Read More »
Global and Indian I. Introduction A. Purpose and Scope This report provides a comprehensive legal analysis of the definition, nature, and scope of insurance contracts, focusing first on general principles and subsequently on the specialized domain of marine insurance. The objective is to delineate the fundamental legal characteristics of these agreements, exploring the core principles
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1. Introduction The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) equipped Magistrates with distinct powers to direct police involvement in criminal matters initiated through complaints. Two pivotal provisions in this regard are Section 156(3) and Section 202(1). While both empower a Magistrate to order or direct an investigation, they operate at fundamentally different stages of the
A Comprehensive Analysis of Legal Frameworks, Schemes, and Judicial Perspectives 1. Introduction The Administration of criminal justice has historically centered on the apprehension, prosecution, and punishment of offenders, often relegating the victim to the periphery of the process.1 Victims, despite being the primary sufferers of crime, were frequently viewed merely as sources of information or
Compensation to Victims of Crime in India Read More »
