Approaches to Victimology differ significantly in their focus, methodology, and underlying assumptions about the causes and consequences of becoming a victim: Here are the key approaches and theories associated with positivist victimology: Core Characteristics of Positivist Victimology Key Approaches/Theories within Positivist Victimology Criticisms of Positivist Victimology Despite its contributions to understanding victimization patterns, positivist victimology […]

1. Definition of Penology Penology, at its core, is the systematic study of the punishment of crime and the systems designed to manage and treat those who have committed crimes. It seeks to understand both the “why” and the “how” of societal responses to criminal behavior, particularly through formal state-sanctioned means. Scholarly and Expanded Definitions:

1. Retributive Theory 2. Deterrent Theory 3. Rehabilitative Theory (or Reformative Theory) 4. Incapacitation Theory (or Preventive Theory) 5. Restorative Justice 6. Expiatory Theory (or Compensatory Theory) Interplay and Modern Application: A Blended Approach It’s crucial to understand that modern criminal justice systems rarely operate on a single theory of punishment. Instead, sentencing philosophies and